原發(fā)布者:智拓法律
初一數(shù)學(xué)知識點第一章有理數(shù)1正數(shù)、負(fù)數(shù)、有理數(shù)、相反數(shù)、科學(xué)記數(shù)法、近似數(shù)2數(shù)軸:用數(shù)軸來表示數(shù)3絕對值:正數(shù)的絕對值是它本身;負(fù)數(shù)的絕對值是它的相反數(shù);零的絕對值是零4正負(fù)數(shù)的大小比較:正數(shù)大于零,零大于負(fù)數(shù),正數(shù)大于負(fù)數(shù),絕對值大的負(fù)數(shù)值反而小。5有理數(shù)的加法法則:同號兩數(shù)相加,取相同的符號,并把絕對值相加;絕對值不相等的異號兩數(shù)相加,取絕對值較大的加數(shù)的符號,并用較大的絕對值減去減小的絕對值;互為相反數(shù)的兩數(shù)相加為零;一個數(shù)加上零,仍得這個數(shù)。6有理數(shù)的減法(把減法轉(zhuǎn)換為加法)減去一個數(shù),等于加上這個數(shù)的相反數(shù)。7有理數(shù)乘法法則兩數(shù)相乘,同號得正,異號得負(fù),并把絕對值相乘;任何數(shù)同零相乘,都得零。乘積是一的兩個數(shù)互為倒數(shù)。8有理數(shù)的除法(轉(zhuǎn)換為乘法)除以一個不為零的數(shù),等于乘這個數(shù)的倒數(shù)。9有理數(shù)的乘方正數(shù)的任何次冪都是正數(shù);零的任何次冪都是負(fù)數(shù);負(fù)數(shù)的奇次冪是負(fù)數(shù),負(fù)數(shù)的偶次冪是正數(shù)。10混合運算順序(1)先乘方,再乘除,最后加減;(2)同級運算,從左到右進(jìn)行;(3)如果有括號,先做括號內(nèi)的運算,按照小括號、中括號、大括號依次進(jìn)行。第二章整式的加減補(bǔ)角和余角:等角的補(bǔ)角和余角相等4一元一次不等式組及其解法:大大取大;小小取?。淮笥诖蟮?,小于小的取兩邊,大于小的,小于大的去中間。
先給你一個英語的,太長了不好提交,其余的你就查初一語文知識點總結(jié),初一數(shù)學(xué)知識點總結(jié),我都查到了。
一.短語 1.go on vacation go to summer camp stay at home study for exams Central Park show sth to sb .help him find his father walk back to… go shopping the Palace Museum think of have fun doing sth .bus trip the Great Wall Tian'an Men Square .a Beijing Hutong make sb do sth .decide to do sth all day 二.重點句子和注意事項 1.Where did you go on vacation? I went to summer camp. Where did they go on vacation? They went to New York City. Where did he go on vacation? He stayed at home. Where did she go on vacation? She visited her uncle. 2. Did you/he/she/they go to Central Park? Yes, I/he/she/they did. No, I/he/she/they didn't. 3. How were the movies? They were fantastic 4. have fun doing something 干某事有樂趣 = enjoy oneself doing something We have fun learning and speaking English . We enjoy ourselves learning and speaking English . 我們學(xué)英語有很多樂趣 . 5. find sb. doing sth. 發(fā)現(xiàn)某人在干某事 find sb. do sth. 發(fā)現(xiàn)某人干過某事 I find him reading the novel (小說). I found him go into the room . 6. corner 角落,角,拐角處 in the corner 在角落里(指在建筑物里面) at the corner 在拐角處(指在建筑物外面或道路的拐角) My bike is at the corner . 7. be lost 迷路了=get lost , lost (adj.) The girl was lost in the big city . 8. help sb. (to) do sth.=help sb for sth 幫助某人干某事 He always helps us learn English 9. make sb. do sth. 讓/使某人干某事 let / have sb. do sth. do前不帶to The movie makes me relaxing . Let the boy do his homework alone . 10. feel+ adj. 感到。 I feel hungry / tired /happy / excited 11. decide to do sth. 決定干某事 They decided to go to Hainan on vacation . Uint 11 What do you think of game shows? 一. 詞組 1.. TV shows(電視節(jié)目) soap opera sitcom a comedy an action movie a documentary a thriller cartoon Beijing Opera Animal World Tell it like it is Law Today game show CCTV News News in 30 Minutes Man and Nature Chinese Cooking Around China talk show Lucky52 Sports news sports show Culture China 2. write an article for the school magazine.給學(xué)校雜志寫一篇文章 3. a thirteen - year - old boy.一個十三歲的男孩 4. wear colorful clothes.穿著顏色鮮艷的衣服 5. interview sb. 采訪某人 in fact. 實際上 6. wear scarves. 戴著圍巾 think of 想起,考慮到 二.重點句型 1. What do you think of soap operas? I can't stand them. 2. What do you think of sports shows? I don't mind them. 3. What does she think of "Hilltop High"? She doesn't like it. 4. What does Tony think of Tommy? He likes him. 5. What do they think of Amanda? They love her. 三.重難點解析 1. wear (v. 動詞) "穿,戴,佩"。
根據(jù)不同賓語,翻譯不同的漢語意思。 wear earrings 戴耳環(huán) wear a dress 穿連衣裙wear a watch 戴手表 wear a beard 蓄胡子wear long hair 留長發(fā) 2. think "想,考慮,思索"(v. 動詞)可以和許多介詞搭配,組成新的意思。
A:think of "考慮";"有。的看法",有時等于think about. What does he think of Beijing Opera?他對京劇有什么看法? My mother always thinks of everything!我媽媽總是想到所有的東西。
think highly of sb. /sth. 對某人或某物評價甚高 Mr Black thinks highly of his son. 布萊克先生對他兒子評價甚高。 B:think about "考慮"(指計劃,觀念,看它是否相宜、可行) He is thinking about going to China.他正在考慮去中國。
3. too與either的區(qū)別 too"也",表示肯定意義,與肯定的表達(dá)方法連用;而either"也不",表示否定意義,與否定的表達(dá)方法連用。 (1)—My brother likes to play soccer.我哥哥喜歡踢足球。
—I do, too.我也是(喜歡)。 (2)—My brother doesn't like to play soccer.我哥哥不喜歡踢足球。
—I don't, either. 我也不喜歡。 also也可以表示"也",但一般情況下,too和either放在句子之后,also放在動詞之前。
We also love talk shows.我們也喜歡訪談節(jié)目。 4. a thirteen - year - old boy 一個十三歲的男孩 此結(jié)構(gòu)中,year用單數(shù)形式,且用連字符,這種結(jié)構(gòu)用作定語。
a five - month - old baby 一個五個月大的嬰兒 5. enjoy (v. 喜愛,享受) enjoy后面接名詞、代詞或動名詞,注意與like/ love用法的區(qū)別。like/ love還可以接動詞不定式(to do)。
I enjoy the soap operas.我喜愛肥皂劇。 I enjoy watching the soap operas.我喜愛看肥皂劇。
但我們不能說:I enjoy to watch the soap operas. 只能說:I like / love to watch the soap operas. 6. mind 表示"介意,反對"的意思時,通常用在疑問句、否定句中。 Would you mind opening the window?請你打開窗子好不好? He doesn't mind the cold weather at all.他一點都不在乎寒冷的天氣。
多用于以下句型:(表示請求或征求意見)后接動名詞/名詞/代詞。 Would you mind (doing) 。
?Do you mind (doing) 。? 7. 。
先給你一個英語的,太長了不好提交,其余的你就查初一語文知識點總結(jié),初一數(shù)學(xué)知識點總結(jié),我都查到了。
一.短語 1.go on vacation go to summer camp stay at home study for exams Central Park show sth to sb .help him find his father walk back to… go shopping the Palace Museum think of have fun doing sth .bus trip the Great Wall Tian'an Men Square .a Beijing Hutong make sb do sth .decide to do sth all day 二.重點句子和注意事項 1.Where did you go on vacation? I went to summer camp. Where did they go on vacation? They went to New York City. Where did he go on vacation? He stayed at home. Where did she go on vacation? She visited her uncle. 2. Did you/he/she/they go to Central Park? Yes, I/he/she/they did. No, I/he/she/they didn't. 3. How were the movies? They were fantastic 4. have fun doing something 干某事有樂趣 = enjoy oneself doing something We have fun learning and speaking English . We enjoy ourselves learning and speaking English . 我們學(xué)英語有很多樂趣 . 5. find sb. doing sth. 發(fā)現(xiàn)某人在干某事 find sb. do sth. 發(fā)現(xiàn)某人干過某事 I find him reading the novel (小說). I found him go into the room . 6. corner 角落,角,拐角處 in the corner 在角落里(指在建筑物里面) at the corner 在拐角處(指在建筑物外面或道路的拐角) My bike is at the corner . 7. be lost 迷路了=get lost , lost (adj.) The girl was lost in the big city . 8. help sb. (to) do sth.=help sb for sth 幫助某人干某事 He always helps us learn English 9. make sb. do sth. 讓/使某人干某事 let / have sb. do sth. do前不帶to The movie makes me relaxing . Let the boy do his homework alone . 10. feel+ adj. 感到。 I feel hungry / tired /happy / excited 11. decide to do sth. 決定干某事 They decided to go to Hainan on vacation . Uint 11 What do you think of game shows? 一. 詞組 1.. TV shows(電視節(jié)目) soap opera sitcom a comedy an action movie a documentary a thriller cartoon Beijing Opera Animal World Tell it like it is Law Today game show CCTV News News in 30 Minutes Man and Nature Chinese Cooking Around China talk show Lucky52 Sports news sports show Culture China 2. write an article for the school magazine.給學(xué)校雜志寫一篇文章 3. a thirteen - year - old boy.一個十三歲的男孩 4. wear colorful clothes.穿著顏色鮮艷的衣服 5. interview sb. 采訪某人 in fact. 實際上 6. wear scarves. 戴著圍巾 think of 想起,考慮到 二.重點句型 1. What do you think of soap operas? I can't stand them. 2. What do you think of sports shows? I don't mind them. 3. What does she think of "Hilltop High"? She doesn't like it. 4. What does Tony think of Tommy? He likes him. 5. What do they think of Amanda? They love her. 三.重難點解析 1. wear (v. 動詞) "穿,戴,佩"。
根據(jù)不同賓語,翻譯不同的漢語意思。 wear earrings 戴耳環(huán) wear a dress 穿連衣裙wear a watch 戴手表 wear a beard 蓄胡子wear long hair 留長發(fā) 2. think "想,考慮,思索"(v. 動詞)可以和許多介詞搭配,組成新的意思。
A:think of "考慮";"有。的看法",有時等于think about. What does he think of Beijing Opera?他對京劇有什么看法? My mother always thinks of everything!我媽媽總是想到所有的東西。
think highly of sb. /sth. 對某人或某物評價甚高 Mr Black thinks highly of his son. 布萊克先生對他兒子評價甚高。 B:think about "考慮"(指計劃,觀念,看它是否相宜、可行) He is thinking about going to China.他正在考慮去中國。
3. too與either的區(qū)別 too"也",表示肯定意義,與肯定的表達(dá)方法連用;而either"也不",表示否定意義,與否定的表達(dá)方法連用。 (1)—My brother likes to play soccer.我哥哥喜歡踢足球。
—I do, too.我也是(喜歡)。 (2)—My brother doesn't like to play soccer.我哥哥不喜歡踢足球。
—I don't, either. 我也不喜歡。 also也可以表示"也",但一般情況下,too和either放在句子之后,also放在動詞之前。
We also love talk shows.我們也喜歡訪談節(jié)目。 4. a thirteen - year - old boy 一個十三歲的男孩 此結(jié)構(gòu)中,year用單數(shù)形式,且用連字符,這種結(jié)構(gòu)用作定語。
a five - month - old baby 一個五個月大的嬰兒 5. enjoy (v. 喜愛,享受) enjoy后面接名詞、代詞或動名詞,注意與like/ love用法的區(qū)別。like/ love還可以接動詞不定式(to do)。
I enjoy the soap operas.我喜愛肥皂劇。 I enjoy watching the soap operas.我喜愛看肥皂劇。
但我們不能說:I enjoy to watch the soap operas. 只能說:I like / love to watch the soap operas. 6. mind 表示"介意,反對"的意思時,通常用在疑問句、否定句中。 Would you mind opening the window?請你打開窗子好不好? He doesn't mind the cold weather at all.他一點都不在乎寒冷的天氣。
多用于以下句型:(表示請求或征求意見)后接動名詞/名詞/代詞。 Would you mind (doing) 。
?Do you mind (doing) 。? 7. stand 表示忍受(多用于。
無限不循環(huán)小數(shù)和開根開不盡的數(shù)叫無理數(shù) 整數(shù)和分?jǐn)?shù)統(tǒng)稱為有理數(shù) 數(shù)學(xué)上,有理數(shù)是兩個整數(shù)的比,通常寫作 a/b,這里 b 不為零。
分?jǐn)?shù)是有理數(shù)的通常表達(dá)方法,而整數(shù)是分母為1的分?jǐn)?shù),當(dāng)然亦是有理數(shù)。 數(shù)學(xué)上,有理數(shù)是一個整數(shù) a 和一個非零整數(shù) b 的比(ratio),通常寫作 a/b,故又稱作分?jǐn)?shù)。
希臘文稱為 λογο? ,原意為“成比例的數(shù)”(rational number),但中文翻譯不恰當(dāng),逐漸變成“有道理的數(shù)”。不是有理數(shù)的實數(shù)遂稱為無理數(shù)。
所有有理數(shù)的集合表示為 Q,有理數(shù)的小數(shù)部分有限或為循環(huán)。 理數(shù)是實數(shù)中不能精確地表示為兩個整數(shù)之比的數(shù),即無限不循環(huán)小數(shù)。
如圓周率、2的平方根等。 實數(shù)(real munber)分為有理數(shù)和無理數(shù)(irrational number)。
·無理數(shù)與有理數(shù)的區(qū)別: 1、把有理數(shù)和無理數(shù)都寫成小數(shù)形式時,有理數(shù)能寫成有限小數(shù)和無限循環(huán)小數(shù), 比如4=4.0, 4/5=0.8, 1/3=0.33333……而無理數(shù)只能寫成無限不循環(huán)小數(shù), 比如√2=1.414213562…………根據(jù)這一點,人們把無理數(shù)定義為無限不循環(huán)小數(shù). 2、所有的有理數(shù)都可以寫成兩個整數(shù)之比;而無理數(shù)不能。根據(jù)這一點,有人建議給無理數(shù)摘掉“無理”的帽子,把有理數(shù)改叫為“比數(shù)”,把無理數(shù)改叫為“非比數(shù)”。
本來嘛,無理數(shù)并不是不講道理,只是人們最初對它不太了解罷了。 利用有理數(shù)和無理數(shù)的主要區(qū)別,可以證明√2是無理數(shù)。
證明:假設(shè)√2不是無理數(shù),而是有理數(shù)。 既然√2是有理數(shù),它必然可以寫成兩個整數(shù)之比的形式: 實數(shù)包括有理數(shù)和無理數(shù)。
其中無理數(shù)就是無限不循環(huán)小數(shù)和開根開不盡的數(shù),有理數(shù)就包括無限循環(huán)小數(shù)、有限小數(shù)、整數(shù) 自然數(shù)(natural number) 用以計量事物的件數(shù)或表示事物次序的數(shù) 。 即用數(shù)碼0,1,2,3,4,……所表示的數(shù) 。
自然數(shù)由0開始 , 一個接一個,組成一個無窮集合。自然數(shù)集有加法和乘法運算,兩個自然數(shù)相加或相乘的結(jié)果仍為自然數(shù),也可以作減法或除法,但相減和相除的結(jié)果未必都是自然數(shù),所以減法和除法運算在自然數(shù)集中并不是總能成立的。
自然數(shù)是人們認(rèn)識的所有數(shù)中最基本的一類,為了使數(shù)的系統(tǒng)有嚴(yán)密的邏輯基礎(chǔ),19世紀(jì)的數(shù)學(xué)家建立了自然數(shù)的兩種等價的理論棗自然數(shù)的序數(shù)理論和基數(shù)理論,使自然數(shù)的概念、運算和有關(guān)性質(zhì)得到嚴(yán)格的論述。 序數(shù)理論是意大利數(shù)學(xué)家G.皮亞諾提出來的。
他總結(jié)了自然數(shù)的性質(zhì),用公理法給出自然數(shù)的如下定義。 自然數(shù)集N是指滿足以下條件的集合:①N中有一個元素,記作1。
②N中每一個元素都能在 N 中找到一個元素作為它的后繼者。③ 1是0的后繼者。
④0不是任何元素的后繼者。 ⑤不同元素有不同的后繼者。
⑥(歸納公理)N的任一子集M,如果1∈M,并且只要x在M中就能推出x的后繼者也在M中,那么M=N。 基數(shù)理論則把自然數(shù)定義為有限集的基數(shù),這種理論提出,兩個可以在元素之間建立一一對應(yīng)關(guān)系的有限集具有共同的數(shù)量特征,這一特征叫做基數(shù) 。
這樣 ,所有單元素集{x},{y},{a},等具有同一基數(shù) , 記作1 。類似,凡能與兩個手指頭建立一一對應(yīng)的集合,它們的基數(shù)相同,記作2,等等 。
自然數(shù)的加法 、乘法運算可以在序數(shù)或基數(shù)理論中給出定義,并且兩種理論下的運算是一致的。 自然數(shù)在日常生活中起了很大的作用,人們廣泛使用自然數(shù)。
“0”是否包括在自然數(shù)之內(nèi)存在爭議,有人認(rèn)為自然數(shù)為正整數(shù),即從1開始算起;而也有人認(rèn)為自然數(shù)為非負(fù)整數(shù),即從0開始算起。目前關(guān)于這個問題尚無一致意見。
不過,在數(shù)論中,多采用前者;在集合論中,則多采用后者。目前,我國中小學(xué)教材將0歸為自然數(shù)! 自然數(shù)是整數(shù),但整數(shù)不全是自然數(shù)。
例如:-1 -2 -3。
是整數(shù) 而不是自然數(shù) 全體非負(fù)整數(shù)組成的集合稱為非負(fù)整數(shù)集(即自然數(shù)集) 所謂質(zhì)數(shù)或稱素數(shù),就是一個正整數(shù),除了本身和 1 以外并沒有任何其他因子。例如 2,3,5,7 是質(zhì)數(shù),而 4,6,8,9 則不是,后者稱為合成數(shù)或合數(shù)。
從這個觀點可將整數(shù)分為兩種,一種叫質(zhì)數(shù),一種叫合成數(shù)。(有人認(rèn)為數(shù)目字 1 不該稱為質(zhì)數(shù))著名的高斯「唯一分解定理」說,任何一個整數(shù)。
可以寫成一串質(zhì)數(shù)相乘的積。第五章: 本章重點:一元一次不等式的解法, 本章難點:了解不等式的解集和不等式組的解集的確定,正確運用 不等式基本性質(zhì)3。
本章關(guān)鍵:徹底弄清不等式和等式的基本性質(zhì)的區(qū)別. (1)不等式概念:用不等號(“≠”、“”)表示的不 等關(guān)系的式子叫做不等式 (2)不等式的基本性質(zhì),它是解不等式的理論依據(jù). (3)分清不等式的解集和解不等式是兩個完全不同的概念. (4)不等式的解一般有無限多個數(shù)值,把它們表示在數(shù)軸上,(5)一元一次不等式的概念、解法是本章的重點和核心 (6)一元一次不等式的解集,在數(shù)軸上表示一元一次不等式的解集 (7)由兩個一元一次不等式組成的一元一次不等式組.一元一次不等式組可以由幾個(同未知數(shù)的)一元一次不等式組成 (8).利用數(shù)軸確定一元一次不等式組的解集 第六章: 1.二元一次方程,二元一次方程組以及它的解,明確二元一次方程組的解是一對未知數(shù)的值,會檢驗一對數(shù)值是不是某一個二元一次方程組的解. 2.一次。
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